1 Khatam Al-Nabieen University 31 Special Comparison between the two methods of Rankine and Coulomb in calculating the forces applied to the retaining wall Ahmadi ًRajab Ali b Fasihi Hafi c Jafary Sara d b Civil Department, Faculty of Engineering, Khatam Al-Nabieen University, Kabul, Afghanistan c Civil Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan d Civil Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan 1 12 2024 2 4 3 15 18 02 2026 20 12 2024 The usual methods for analyzing the lateral pressure of soil on retaining walls are mainly based on the theory of plastic limit states of Rankine and Coulomb. The results obtained from these methods are based on the assumption of stress-strain behavior and rigid plastic failure for the soil behind the wall. If the goal is to determine the lateral pressure on the wall for a specific amount of displacement or as a function of the displacement, these methods cannot be used. In this research, an approximate method for lateral pressure analysis on retaining walls in active and resistant conditions was presented, which can be used to determine the pressure on the wall for different amounts of wall displacement. In this article, the forces acting on the retaining wall under alpha (the angle of the wall with the horizontal surface) between 0 and 15 degrees for walls with a height of 7, 8, 9, and 10 meters, respectively, have been investigated using two methods. At the angle of the wall with the horizontal surface (alphas) of 0 degrees and 5 degrees, the active force created behind the wall in the Rankine method is slightly more than the Coulomb method, but with the increase of the value of alpha, these two forces are equal to each other.
32 Special Selecting the best option for traffic congestion control system at intersections in Kabul city using AHP and WASPAS methods Khaliqi Najibullah e Mousawi Seyed Anwar Shah f e Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khatam Al-Nabieen University, Afghanistan f Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khatam Al-Nabieen University, Afghanistan 1 12 2024 2 4 17 58 18 02 2026 20 12 2024 A traffic control system refers to a set of technological tools and methods designed to manage and improve traffic flow on public thoroughfares, intersections, or intersection points. The main goal of these systems is to reduce traffic, increase safety, and improve the efficiency of transportation networks. The issues that make this difficult are population growth, the increase in vehicles, technological limitations of traffic signal control devices, lack of traffic congestion management on roads and intersections, and inadequate urban infrastructure, which has become one of the critical problems and challenges in improving traffic and traffic management in Kabul city. Increased road congestion, travel time, number of accidents, carbon dioxide emissions, and fuel consumption are some of the messages of the aforementioned problems and challenges, because currently, traffic control in Kabul is mostly done through traditional and manual methods. Traffic police control traffic at key points, but these methods are not as effective as they should be. On the one hand, traffic congestion control systems are not smart and up-todate, and on the other hand, there are numerous other complexities, options, and criteria that affect Kabul's traffic control systems. Therefore, methods and systems for controlling traffic congestion in Kabul city require a research approach with a combination of multi-criteria decision-making techniques (Analytic Hierarchy Process and WASPAS). In this research, 22 types of traffic congestion control systems for Kabul city were examined and analyzed, and each system was compared with different options and criteria, including: cost, lifespan, accessibility, ease of use, flexibility, electricity consumption, internet consumption, performance, and intelligence of the systems. In this research, the necessary information was collected mainly through library study and consultation with experts, predictions of a group of experts, and in cases of necessity, by in-person interviews with them, for the analysis of the hierarchical method. After collection, the expected criteria and options were identified and weighted, and finally, with the help of the WASPAS technique, the various criteria and options were analyzed and ranked, better and expected solutions were proposed in the traffic congestion control system of Kabul city. This research shows that among 22 types of traffic congestion control systems, the LED traffic signal control system, ranked first, is the best option in the long term. The automatic traffic signal controller using Arduino is ranked second and the audible and visual alarms are ranked third, while the remaining systems were ranked lower due to Kabul conditions. 33 Special A Comparative Study of the Costs, Economic and Environmental Benefits of Solar Parking Lots versus Traditional Parking Lots: A Case Study of Khatam Al-Nabieen University Parking Lot Zahidi Mohammad Nasim g Mousawi Sayed Anwar Shah h Khaliqi Najeebullah i g Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khatam Al-Nabieen University, Kabul, Afghanistan h Civil Department, Faculty of Engineering, Khatam Al-Nabieen University, Kabul, Afghanistan i Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khatam Al-Nabieen University, Kabul, Afghanistan 1 12 2024 2 4 59 82 18 02 2026 20 12 2024 With the increasing use of renewable energy, particularly solar energy, and the growing demand for parking spaces in urban areas, solar carports have emerged as a sustainable and cost-effective solution for energy supply and pollution reduction in urban areas in urban areas. This study investigates and compares the economic performance of solar carports with that of traditional parking structures (iron-frame tents and polycarbonate covers). This study employs the AHP and PROMETHEE methods to analyze and compare key criteria, such as initial costs, return on investment, environmental impact, lifespan, and public acceptance. The significance of this research lies in its multidimensional justification—economic, environmental, socio-technological, and policy-based—making it relevant both scientifically and operationally. The findings indicate that although the initial investment for solar systems is higher, solar carports prove to be significantly more economical in the long-term owing to electricity generation, energy cost savings, and pollution reduction. A case study of the parking facility at Khatam Al-Nabieen University in Kabul revealed that the installed solar system could supply a portion of the university's energy needs, generating over 2.3 GWh of electricity over 25 years and preventing the emission of approximately 947.5 t of CO₂. Overall, this study strongly highlights that sola carports, as a sustainable, economic, and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional parking structures, can contribute to addressing energy and pollution challenges in Afghanistan. Therefore, the multifaceted importance of this study is evident not only in the cost-benefit analysis of solar projects but also in establishing a strategic link between sustainable development goals, technological innovation, and the empowerment of public institutions to play a leading role in the transition to a green economy. 34 Special Ethical Considirations of using Artificial intelligence in Education Fahimi Mohammad Ali j j Software Engineering Department, Instructor, Computer Science Faculty, Khatm Al-Nabieen university, Kabul, Afganestan 1 12 2024 2 4 83 95 18 02 2026 20 12 2024 Artificial intelligence is the latest technology in human knowledge. This tool has been used in various parts of human life. Education is a field that can be greatly affected by artificial intelligence and witness a fundamental transformation in itself with the use of this tool. The use of any tool and technology requires consideration of ethical considerations related to it. This article first examines the applications of artificial intelligence in education and then examines the challenges and ethical considerations of using artificial intelligence in education. For this purpose, it reviews related articles in this field and summarizes and discusses the related challenges in the form of 5 basic challenges: "Security and Privacy", "Justice and Orientation", "Transparency and Trustworthiness", "Social Implications" and "Pedagogical Concerns". 35 Special Building lightness and its economic efficiency Satarzada Naqebullah k k Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khatam Al-Nabieen University, Kabul, Afghanistan 1 12 2024 2 4 96 113 18 02 2026 20 12 2024 The present paper, which is a theoretical/analytical paper, examines and compares building lightweighting methods, especially 3D panel and brick systems, and emphasizes the importance of this issue in the field of reducing the weight of buildings and improving energy efficiency. Given the increasing need for sustainable and optimal construction, the 3D panel system is introduced as a modern and efficient option that is composed of lightweight and high-strength materials and can significantly reduce the dead load of the building and at the same time increase earthquake resistance. In contrast, brick, as a traditional material with its own characteristics, is still used in many areas due to its lower cost and easy availability. The comparative results show that the volumetric weight of brick is 1800 kg/m3, while the volumetric weight of 3D panel is only 200 kg/m3. Also, the cost of one cubic meter of brick is estimated at 529 Afghanis and the cost of a panel is estimated at 1087 Afghanis. The results show that 3D panels are a suitable option for modern projects due to their thermal insulation properties and faster construction, while brick can continue to be used in traditional construction due to its low cost and easy availability. This research helps engineers and architects to choose appropriate methods, not only to improve the quality of construction, but also to reduce costs and environmental impacts. 36 Special Review: Dynamic Resource Allocation in Edge Networks with a Digital Twin Approach Mowahedi Hussain l l IT Department, Faculty of Computer Science, Khatam Al-Nabieen (PBUH) University – Kabul 1 12 2024 2 4 114 128 18 02 2026 20 12 2024 Resource allocation in edge networks refers to the process of efficiently distributing computing, storage, and networking resources to meet the diverse needs of applications and services. With the emergence of Digital Twin (DT) technology—which provides virtual counterparts of physical objects—resource allocation in edge networks can be enhanced by leveraging the capabilities of digital twins. Digital twins offer real-time monitoring and analysis of physical assets, enabling a deeper understanding of their behavior and resource requirements. By integrating DT into edge networks, resource allocation can be optimized using insights gained from these virtual replicas. This integration enables dynamic resource allocation based on real-time data from DTs, facilitating predictive management and proactive resource assignment. This research aims to optimize resource allocation in dynamic and resource-constrained environments. The proposed method combines Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) with Digital Twin technology. Results show that this approach leads to reduced latency, improved energy efficiency, and enhanced resource allocation under varying conditions. As a result, integrating DT into edge networks improves resource optimization by providing realtime monitoring, predictive analysis, and intelligent decisionmaking capabilities.